Ytterbium: Nomoro ea athomo 70, boima ba athomo 173.04, lebitso la motheo le nkiloeng sebakeng sa eona sa ho sibolloa. Likahare tsa ytterbium ka har'a crust ke 0.000266%, haholo-holo li fumaneha phosphorite le li-deposit tsa khauta tse ntšo tse sa tloaelehang. Litaba tsa monazite ke 0.03%, 'me ho na le li-isotopi tsa tlhaho tse 7
E sibollotsoe
Ka: Marinak
Nako: 1878
Sebaka: Switzerland
Ka 1878, litsebi tsa k'hemistri tsa Switzerland Jean Charles le G Marignac ba ile ba sibolla ntho e ncha e sa tloaelehang ea lefats'e "erbium". Ka 1907, Ulban le Weils ba ile ba bontša hore Marignac o ile a arola motsoako oa lutetium oxide le ytterbium oxide. Ho hopola motsana o bitsoang Yteerby haufi le Stockholm, moo ore ea yttrium e ileng ea sibolloa, ntho ena e ncha e ile ea rehoa Ytterbium ka letšoao la Yb.
Phetoho ea elektrone
Phetoho ea elektrone
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14
Tšepe
Metallic ytterbium ke silver grey, ductile, mme e na le sebopeho se bonolo. Mocheso oa kamore, ytterbium e ka tšeloa butle-butle ka moea le metsi.
Ho na le meaho e 'meli ea kristale: α- Mofuta ona ke sefahleho se nang le li-cubic crystal system (mocheso oa kamore -798 ℃); β- Mofuta ke li-cubic tse bohareng ba 'mele (ka holimo ho 798 ℃) lattice. Ntho e qhibilihisang 824 ℃, ntlha e belang 1427 ℃, boima bo amanang le 6.977（ α- Type), 6.54（ β- Type).
Ha e qhibilihe ka metsing a batang, ha e qhibilihe ka har'a asiti le ammonia ea metsi. E tsitsitse moeeng. Joalo ka samarium le europium, ytterbium ke ea lefats'e le sa tloaelehang la valence, hape e ka ba boemong bo botle ba divalent ntle le ho ba trivalent.
Ka lebaka la tšobotsi ena e fapaneng ea valence, ho lokisoa ha tšepe ea ytterbium ha hoa lokela ho etsoa ka electrolysis, empa ka mokhoa oa ho fokotsa distillation bakeng sa ho lokisetsa le ho hloekisa. Hangata, tšepe ea lanthanum e sebelisoa e le ntho e fokotsang ho fokotsa metsi, ho sebelisa phapang pakeng tsa khatello e phahameng ea mouoane oa tšepe ea ytterbium le khatello e tlaase ea mouoane oa tšepe ea lanthanum. Ntle le moo,thulium, ytterbium, lelutetiumconcentrates ka sebelisoa e le lihlahisoa tse tala, letšepe lanthanume ka sebelisoa e le ntho e fokotsang. Tlas'a maemo a phahameng a mocheso oa mocheso oa> 1100 ℃ le <0.133Pa, ytterbium ea tšepe e ka ntšoa ka ho toba ka ho fokotsa distillation. Joaloka samarium le europium, ytterbium e ka boela ea aroloa le ho hloekisoa ka ho fokotseha ha metsi. Hangata, thulium, ytterbium, le lutetium concentrates li sebelisoa e le lisebelisoa tse tala. Ka mor'a ho qhibiliha, ytterbium e fokotsehile ho boemo ba divalent, e bakang phapang e kholo ea thepa, ebe e aroloa ho tse ling tse tharo tse sa tloaelehang tsa lefatše. Tlhahiso ea bohloeki bo phahamengytterbium oxidehangata e etsoa ka mokhoa oa ho hula chromatography kapa mokhoa oa phapanyetsano ea ion.
Kopo
E sebelisetsoa ho etsa li-alloys tse khethehileng. Li-alloys tsa Ytterbium li sebelisitsoe meriana ea meno bakeng sa liteko tsa metallurgical le lik'hemik'hale.
Lilemong tsa morao tjena, ytterbium e hlahile 'me e tsoetse pele ka potlako mafapheng a puisano ea fiber optic le theknoloji ea laser.
Ka ho hahoa le ho nts'etsopele ea "tsela e kholo ea boitsebiso", marang-rang a lik'homphieutha le mekhoa e telele ea ho fetisetsa fiber optical fiber e na le litlhoko tse ntseng li eketseha bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea lisebelisoa tsa optical fiber tse sebelisoang puisanong ea optical. Li-ion tsa Ytterbium, ka lebaka la thepa ea tsona e ntle ea spectral, li ka sebelisoa e le lisebelisoa tsa ho phahamisa fiber bakeng sa puisano ea optical, joalo ka erbium le thulium. Le hoja ntho e sa tloaelehang ea lefats'e erbium e ntse e le sebapali se ka sehloohong ho lokiseng li-amplifiers tsa fiber, likhoele tsa setso tsa erbium-doped quartz li na le bandwidth e nyenyane ea phaello (30nm), e leng ho etsang hore ho be thata ho finyella litlhoko tsa phetisetso ea tlhahisoleseding e potlakileng le e phahameng. Yb3+ion e na le karolo e kholo ea ho monya ho feta Er3+ion ho pota 980nm. Ka matla a kholiso a Yb3+ le phetisetso ea matla ea erbium le ytterbium, lebone la 1530nm le ka ntlafatsoa haholo, kahoo la ntlafatsa haholo matla a mabone a ho holisa.
Lilemong tsa morao tjena, khalase ea erbium ytterbium co doped phosphate e 'nile ea ratoa haholo ke bafuputsi. Likhalase tsa phosphate le fluorophosphate li na le botsitso bo botle ba lik'hemik'hale le mocheso, hammoho le phetisetso e pharalletseng ea infrared le litšobotsi tse kholo tse sa ts'oaneng, tse li etsang lisebelisoa tse loketseng bakeng sa khalase ea Broadband le likhalase tse phahameng tsa erbium-doped amplification fiber. Yb3 + doped fiber amplifiers e ka finyella matla a matla le matla a manyenyane a pontšo, a etsa hore a tšoanelehe bakeng sa masimo a kang li-fiber optic sensors, puisano ea laser ea sebaka sa mahala, le ultra short pulse amplification. Hajoale China e hahile mocha o moholo ka ho fetesisa oa seteishene se le seng lefatšeng ka bophara le sistimi ea phetisetso ea optical e lebelo ka ho fetesisa, 'me e na le tsela e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea tlhahisoleseling lefatšeng. Ytterbium doped le li-amplifiers tse ling tse sa tloaelehang tsa lefats'e le lisebelisoa tsa laser li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho tsona.
Litšobotsi tsa spectral tsa ytterbium li boetse li sebelisoa e le lisebelisoa tsa laser tsa boleng bo holimo, ka bobeli e le likristale tsa laser, likhalase tsa laser, le fiber lasers. Joalo ka lisebelisoa tsa laser tse matla, ytterbium doped laser crystals li thehile letoto le leholo, ho kenyeletsoa ytterbium doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Yb: YAG), ytterbium doped gadolinium gallium garnet (Yb: GGG), ytterbium doped calcium fluorophosphate (Yb: FAP) , ytterbium doped strontium fluorophosphate (Yb: S-FAP), ytterbium doped yttrium vanadate (Yb: YV04), ytterbium doped borate, le silicate. Semiconductor laser (LD) ke mofuta o mocha oa mohloli oa pompo bakeng sa li-laser tsa boemo bo tiileng. Yb: YAG e na le litšobotsi tse ngata tse loketseng ho pompa LD ea matla a phahameng 'me e fetohile lisebelisoa tsa laser bakeng sa ho pompa LD ea matla a phahameng. Yb: S-FAP kristale e ka sebelisoa e le leseare bakeng sa fusion ea nyutlelie ea laser nakong e tlang, e seng e hohetse maikutlo a batho. Ka likristale tsa laser tse tunable, ho na le chromium ytterbium holmium yttrium aluminium gallium garnet (Cr, Yb, Ho: YAGG) e nang le wavelengths ho tloha ho 2.84 ho ea ho 3.05 μ E tsoelang pele ho fetoha pakeng tsa m. Ho ea ka lipalo-palo, boholo ba lihlomo tsa ntoa tsa infrared tse sebelisoang ka metsu lefatšeng ka bophara li sebelisa 3-5 μ Ka hona, nts'etsopele ea Cr, Yb, Ho: YSGG lasers e ka fana ka tšitiso e sebetsang bakeng sa mehato ea lihlomo tse tataisoang ke infrared, 'me e na le bohlokoa ba bohlokoa ba sesole. China e fihletse letoto la liphetho tse ncha tse nang le boemo bo tsoetseng pele ba machabeng lefapheng la ytterbium doped laser crystals (Yb: YAG, Yb: FAP, Yb: SFAP, joalo-joalo), ho rarolla mahlale a bohlokoa joalo ka kholo ea kristale le laser ka potlako, pulse, tlhahiso e tsoelang pele, le e fetolehang. Liphetho tsa lipatlisiso li sebelisitsoe ho ts'ireletso ea naha, indasteri le boenjiniere ba saense, 'me lihlahisoa tsa kristale tsa ytterbium li rometsoe linaheng tse ngata le libakeng tse kang United States le Japane.
Sehlopha se seng se seholo sa lisebelisoa tsa laser ea ytterbium ke khalase ea laser. Ho entsoe likhalase tse fapaneng tsa laser tse nang le phallo e phahameng, ho kenyelletsa germanium tellurite, silicon niobate, borate le phosphate. Ka lebaka la boiketlo ba ho bopa ha khalase, e ka etsoa ka boholo bo boholo 'me e na le litšobotsi tse kang ho fetisa khanya e phahameng le ho lumellana ho phahameng, ho etsa hore ho khonehe ho hlahisa li-lasers tse matla a phahameng. Khalase ea laser ea lefats'e e sa tloaelehang e kile ea e-ba khalase ea neodymium, e nang le nalane ea nts'etsopele ea lilemo tse fetang 40 le theknoloji ea tlhahiso e holileng le ts'ebeliso. Haesale e le thepa e ratwang haholo bakeng sa disebediswa tsa laser tsa matla a phahameng mme esale e sebediswa disebedisweng tsa teko tsa nuclear fusion le dibetsa tsa laser. Lisebelisoa tsa laser tsa matla a phahameng tse hahiloeng Chaena, tse nang le laser neodymium glass e le laser medium e ka sehloohong, li fihlile boemong bo phahameng ba lefats'e. Empa khalase ea laser neodymium joale e tobane le phephetso e matla ho tloha khalase ea laser ytterbium.
Lilemong tsa morao tjena, palo e kholo ea liphuputso e bontšitse hore thepa e ngata ea khalase ea laser ytterbium e feta ea khalase ea neodymium. Ka lebaka la hore ytterbium doped luminescence e na le maemo a mabeli feela a matla, ts'ebetso ea polokelo ea matla e phahame. Ka phaello e tšoanang, khalase ea ytterbium e na le matla a ho boloka matla ka makhetlo a 16 ho feta khalase ea neodymium, le bophelo ba fluorescence makhetlo a 3 ho feta khalase ea neodymium. E boetse e na le melemo e kang khatello e phahameng ea doping, bandwidth ea ho monya, 'me e ka pompeloa ka ho toba ke li-semiconductors, e leng se etsang hore e tšoanelehe haholo bakeng sa li-lasers tsa matla a phahameng. Leha ho le joalo, ts'ebeliso e sebetsang ea khalase ea laser ea ytterbium hangata e itšetleha ka thuso ea neodymium, joalo ka ho sebelisa Nd3 + joalo ka sensitizer ho etsa hore khalase ea laser ea ytterbium e sebetse mocheso oa kamore le μ Ho ntšoa ha Laser ho fihlelleha ho m wavelength. Kahoo, ytterbium le neodymium ka bobeli ke bahlolisani le balekane ba sebelisanang lebaleng la khalase ea laser.
Ka ho fetola sebopeho sa khalase, lisebelisoa tse ngata tsa luminescent tsa khalase ea ytterbium laser li ka ntlafatsoa. Ka nts'etsopele ea li-laser tsa matla a phahameng joalo ka tataiso e ka sehloohong, li-lasers tse entsoeng ka khalase ea laser ea ytterbium li sebelisoa haholo indastering ea sejoale-joale, temo, meriana, lipatlisiso tsa mahlale le lits'ebetso tsa sesole.
Tšebeliso ea sesole: Ho sebelisa matla a hlahisoang ke ho kopanngoa ha nyutlelie kaha matla esale e le sepheo se lebeletsoeng, 'me ho finyella ho kopana ho laolehileng ha nyutlelie e tla ba mokhoa oa bohlokoa ho batho ho rarolla mathata a matla. Ytterbium doped laser glass e fetoha sesebelisoa se ratoang bakeng sa ho fihlela ntlafatso ea inertial confinement fusion (ICF) lekholong la bo21 la lilemo ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea eona e ntle ea laser.
Libetsa tsa laser li sebelisa matla a maholohali a lebone la laser ho otla le ho senya sepheo, ho hlahisa mocheso oa likhato tse limilione tse likete tsa Celsius le ho hlasela ka kotloloho ka lebelo la khanya. Li ka bitsoa Nadana 'me li na le kotsi e kholo, haholo-holo e loketseng lisebelisoa tsa sejoale-joale tsa ts'ireletso ea moea ntoeng. Tshebetso e babatsehang ya ytterbium doped laser glass e entse hore e be thepa ya bohlokwa ya motheo bakeng sa ho etsa dibetsa tsa laser tse matla le tse sebetsang hantle.
Fiber laser ke theknoloji e ncha e ntseng e hola ka potlako mme hape ke karolo ea ts'ebeliso ea likhalase tsa laser. Fiber laser ke laser e sebelisang faeba joalo ka laser medium, e leng sehlahisoa sa motsoako oa theknoloji ea fiber le laser. Ke theknoloji e ncha ea laser e entsoeng motheong oa theknoloji ea erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). Fiber laser diode e entsoe ka semiconductor laser diode joalo ka mohloli oa pompo, fiber optic waveguide le mokhoa oa ho fumana, le likarolo tsa optical joalo ka likhoele tsa grating le li-couplers. Ha e hloke phetoho ea mechine ea tsela ea optical, 'me mochine o kopane ebile o bonolo ho o kopanya. Ha e bapisoa le li-lasers tsa setso tse tiileng le li-laser tsa semiconductor, e na le melemo ea thekenoloji le ts'ebetso joalo ka boleng ba boleng bo holimo, botsitso bo botle, khanyetso e matla ea tšitiso ea tikoloho, ha ho na tokiso, ha ho tlhokomelo, le sebopeho se kopaneng. Ka lebaka la hore li-ion tsa doped haholo-holo ke Nd+3, Yb+3, Er+3, Tm+3, Ho+3, tseo kaofela li sebelisang likhoele tse sa tloaelehang tsa lefatše e le mecha ea phatlalatso, fiber laser e entsoeng ke k'hamphani e ka boela ea e-ba teng. e bitsoa laser fiber e sa tloaelehang ea lefatše.
Sesebelisoa sa Laser: Matla a phahameng a ytterbium doped double clad fiber laser e fetohile sebaka se chesang ho theknoloji ea laser e tiileng linaheng tsa machaba lilemong tsa morao tjena. E na le melemo ea boleng bo botle ba mabone, sebopeho se kopaneng, le ts'ebetso e phahameng ea phetoho, 'me e na le litebello tse pharalletseng tsa ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebetso ea indasteri le mafapha a mang. Likhoele tse entsoeng ka makhetlo a mabeli tsa ytterbium li loketse ho pompa ka laser ea semiconductor, tse nang le ts'ebetso e phahameng ea ho kopanya le matla a phahameng a laser a tsoang, 'me ke tataiso e ka sehloohong ea nts'etsopele ea likhoele tsa ytterbium doped. Theknoloji ea China ea li-doped fiber tse nang le li-ytterbium ha e sa lekana le boemo bo tsoetseng pele ba linaha tsa kantle. The ytterbium doped fiber, double clad ytterbium doped fiber, le erbium ytterbium co doped fiber e ntlafalitsoeng Chaena li fihlile boemong bo tsoetseng pele ba lihlahisoa tse tšoanang tsa kantle ho naha mabapi le ts'ebetso le ts'epo, li na le melemo ea litšenyehelo, 'me li na le mahlale a mantlha a patented bakeng sa lihlahisoa le mekhoa e mengata. .
Khampani e tsebahalang lefatšeng ka bophara ea Jeremane IPG laser e sa tsoa phatlalatsa hore sistimi ea bona e sa tsoa qalisoa ea ytterbium doped fiber laser e na le litšobotsi tse ntle tsa borali, bophelo ba pompo ba lihora tse fetang 50000, bolelele bo boholo ba tlhahiso ea 1070nm-1080nm, le matla a tsoang ho 20KW. E 'nile ea sebelisoa ho cheselletsa hantle, ho seha le ho cheka majoe.
Lisebelisoa tsa laser ke motheo le motheo oa nts'etsopele ea theknoloji ea laser. Haesale ho na le polelo indastering ea laser e reng 'moloko o le mong oa lisebelisoa, moloko o le mong oa lisebelisoa'. Ho nts'etsapele lisebelisoa tsa laser tse tsoetseng pele le tse sebetsang, hoa hlokahala hore pele u be le lisebelisoa tsa laser tse sebetsang hantle le ho kopanya mahlale a mang a amehang. Ytterbium doped laser crystals le laser glass, e le matla a macha a lisebelisoa tsa laser tse tiileng, li khothalletsa nts'etsopele ea ntlafatso ea puisano ea fiber optic le theknoloji ea laser, haholo-holo ho theknoloji ea laser ea morao-rao e kang matla a phahameng a nyutlelie fusion lasers, matla a phahameng a otla. lithaelese tsa lithaele, le lasers ea libetsa tse matla haholo.
Ntle le moo, ytterbium e boetse e sebelisoa e le activator ea phofo ea fluorescent, li-ceramics tsa seea-le-moea, li-additives bakeng sa likarolo tsa mohopolo oa khomphutha ea elektroniki (li-magnetic bubbles), le li-additives tsa khalase ea optical. Ho lokela ho totobatsoa hore yttrium le yttrium ke likarolo tse sa tloaelehang tsa lefatše. Leha ho na le phapang e kholo mabitsong a Senyesemane le matšoao a likarolo, alfabeta ea fonotiki ea Sechaena e na le li-syllables tse tšoanang. Liphetolelong tse ling tsa Sechaena, yttrium ka linako tse ling e bitsoa yttrium ka phoso. Tabeng ena, re hloka ho latela sengoloa sa mantlha le ho kopanya matšoao a mantlha ho netefatsa.
Nako ea poso: Aug-30-2023